04 of 06 · Education

Hedge Funds

Long/short equity, global macro, multi-strategy, event-driven. When to use them and when not to.

Global hedge fund AUM (2025)$4.6T
HFRI net return · 5yr trailing7–9%
Avg correlation to S&P 500~0.3
Multi-strat share of HF AUM30%+
How it works

The mechanics.

1

Strategy execution

Manager runs a specific strategy — long/short equity, macro, event-driven, etc. — typically with the ability to use leverage, short positions, and derivatives.

2

Risk management

Position sizing + stop-losses + hedging. Multi-strat funds add overlay risk management across the firm. Top-tier funds: <10% max drawdown.

3

Liquidity terms

Typical: quarterly liquidity with 30–90 day notice + initial 12-month lockup. Multi-strats often have monthly liquidity. Always read the redemption queue terms.

4

Fee structure

Standard: 2% management + 20% incentive over a hurdle (often LIBOR or 6%). Multi-strats often charge pass-through expenses — explicitly model the all-in cost.

Vehicle types

How investors access it.

3(c)(7) fund
Most institutional HF structure. QP-only. Monthly or quarterly liquidity. Tax: K-1.
3(c)(1) fund
Accredited-investor structure. 99-investor limit. Less common as primary fund vehicle.
Hedge fund of funds
Diversifier across managers. Adds a fee layer (~1% + 10%). Best for those who want HF exposure without manager selection.
Liquid alt mutual fund
'40 Act version of HF strategies. Daily liquidity. Restricted use of leverage + shorts. Watered-down but accessible.
Sub-strategies

What lives inside the asset class.

Multi-Strategy · ~30%

Allocates across L/S equity, macro, credit, etc. with central risk management. Citadel, Millennium, Point72 archetypes. Lower vol, steady returns.

Long/Short Equity · ~25%

Long undervalued stocks, short overvalued. Net long bias typically 30–60%. Performance highly manager-dependent.

Global Macro · ~15%

Top-down bets on rates, FX, commodities. Counter-cyclical. Brevan Howard, Bridgewater, Element. Volatile but uncorrelated.

Event-Driven · ~15%

M&A arb, distressed, special sits. Idiosyncratic. Performance tied to deal flow + corporate activity.

Quant / Systematic · ~15%

Algorithmic strategies. AQR, Two Sigma, Renaissance. Different risk profile — model risk + crowding risk.

Risk lenses

What to watch.

  • Manager risk: Higher than any other alts category. Top decile is 5x return of bottom decile. Manager selection is everything.
  • Liquidity: Notice periods + gates + side-pockets. Read carefully. 2008 + 2020 showed gates do get used.
  • Crowding: Strategies can become crowded. When everyone's doing the same trade, the unwind is painful.
  • Style drift: Manager strays from stated strategy. Track exposures + holdings reports vs. stated mandate.
FAQ

Common questions.

When does a hedge fund belong in a client portfolio?

When the client has the alts sleeve already filled with PE + private credit, and wants liquidity + low correlation. HFs are the "diversifier within the diversifier."

What's the lowest-risk HF strategy?

Multi-strat with central risk management is the closest thing to "low risk" in HF. Citadel-style funds aim for 8–10% net with <5% vol.

Why so much manager dispersion?

HFs aren't a beta strategy — they're pure alpha. The market doesn't pay you for being there; the manager has to generate the return.

Should I use a fund of funds?

For most Orion advisors, yes — direct manager selection is hard. The FOF fee layer is the price of diversification + expert manager selection.

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